Just a month before a powerful earthquake and tsunami crippled the Fukushima Daiichi plant at the center of Japan’s
nuclear crisis, government regulators approved a 10-year extension for the oldest of the six reactors at the power station
despite warnings about its safety.
The regulatory committee reviewing extensions pointed to stress cracks in the backup diesel-powered generators at Reactor
No. 1 at the Daiichi plant, according to a summary of its deliberations that was posted on the Web site of Japan’s nuclear
regulatory agency after each meeting. The cracks made the engines vulnerable to corrosion from seawater and rainwater. The
generators are thought to have been knocked out by the tsunami, shutting down the reactor’s vital cooling system.
The Tokyo Electric Power Company, which runs the plant, has since struggled to keep the reactor and spent fuel pool from
overheating and emitting radioactive materials.
Several weeks after the extension was granted, the company admitted that it had failed to inspect 33 pieces of equipment
related to the cooling systems, including water pumps and diesel generators, at the power station’s six reactors, according to
findings published on the agency’s Web site shortly before the earthquake.
Regulators said that “maintenance management was inadequate” and that the “quality of inspection was insufficient.”
Less than two weeks later, the earthquake and tsunami set off the crisis at the power station.
The decision to extend the reactor’s life, and the inspection failures at all six reactors, highlight what critics describe as
unhealthy ties between power plant operators and the Japanese regulators that oversee them. Expert panels like the one that
recommended the extension are drawn mostly from academia to backstop bureaucratic decision-making and rarely challenge
the agencies that hire them.
Because public opposition to nuclear power makes it hard to build new power plants, nuclear operators are lobbying to
extend their reactors’ use beyond the 40-year statutory limit, despite uneven safety records and a history of cover-ups. The
government, eager to expand the use of nuclear energy and reduce the reliance on imported fossil fuels, has been largely
sympathetic. Such extensions are also part of a global trend in which aging plants have been granted longer lives.
Over the next decade in Japan, 13 more reactors — and the other 5 at the Fukushima Daiichi plant — will also turn 40, raising
the prospect of gargantuan replacement costs. That is one reason critics contend that the Nuclear and Industrial Safety
Agency’s committee in charge of inspecting aging nuclear power plants may play down its own findings.
In approving the extension in early February, regulators told Tokyo Electric to monitor potential damage from radiation to
the reactor’s pressure vessel, which holds fuel rods; corrosion of the spray heads used to douse the suppression chamber;
corrosion of key bolts at the reactor; and conduction problems in a gauge that measures the flow of water into the reactor,
according to a report published in early February.
The committee, which convened six times to review findings gathered during inspections of the No. 1 unit at the power
station, found that Tokyo Electric had met all required protections from earthquakes. Inspectors, however, had spent just
three days inspecting the No. 1 unit, a period that industry experts say was far too brief because assessing the earthquake risk
to a nuclear plant is one of the most complex engineering problems in the world.
Despite these doubts, the committee recommended that Tokyo Electric be given permission to run the No. 1 unit, which was
built by General Electric and began operating in 1971, for an additional decade. During the approval process, the company
claimed that the reactor was capable of running for 60 years.
Mitsuhiko Tanaka, an engineer who worked on the design of the reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, said the reactors
there were outdated, particularly their small suppression chambers, which increased the risk that pressure would build up
within the reactor, a fault eliminated in newer reactors. Since the tsunami, officials at Fukushima Daiichi have tried to relieve
rising pressure inside the reactors, several times resorting to releasing radioactive steam into the atmosphere, a measure that
in turn has contributed to the contamination of food and water in the area.
(转自The New York Times (free registration))