Demand for water in agriculture and energy production could spike in the coming decades while catastrophic floods
and droughts strike more often, a water conference in Canada is to hear this week.
"At unpredictable times, too much water will arrive in some places and too little in others," said Zafar Adeel,
chair of UN Water which coordinates water-related efforts of 28 United Nations organizations and agencies.
Within a generation, water demand in many countries is forecast to exceed supply by an estimated 40 percent.
In other parts of the world prone to flooding, catastrophic floods normally expected once a century could occur
every 20 years instead.
Meanwhile, spending on technologies and services to discover, manage, filter, disinfect and desalinate water, improve
infrastructure and distribution, mitigate flood damage and reduce water consumption by households, industry and
agriculture is expected to rise to a trillion dollars annually by 2020.
Some 300 scientists, policy-makers and economists will release these and other research findings as well as proven
new tools, ideas and best practices for optimizing water management at a Canadian Water Network international
conference in Ottawa.
The event kicks off on February 28 and runs through March 3.
Conference speaker Hans Schreier of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver will present research buttressing
the need for flood-prone areas to brace for more frequent disasters.
He pointed to Canadian insurance data showing claims resulting from extreme weather increased 20-fold in the past
30 years and flood-related claims now exceeding fire and wind insurance claims every year.
Schreier called for improved road and street designs to minimize rainwater runoff.
"Until now, all we've ever done in urban environments is to drain everything into rivers and lakes," he told AFP.
But curbs, drains and impermeable surfaces could be replaced where possible with grassy shoulder depressions that
collect and absorb rainwater while directing excess runoff into constructed wetlands or storm water retention ponds.
This would mitigate flood damage, but also polluted runoff normally drained via pipes into lakes and rivers would
be instead filtered and cleaned as it sinks through the ground, helping compensate the extensive loss of wetlands
to development.
Other low-cost innovations might include home driveway designs and materials that allow most precipitation to be
absorbed instead of running onto streets and roads, he said.
Another topic to be discussed at the conference is the impact of water shortages on businesses that rely on "virtual
water" or the amount of water used in production of items.
A desktop computer, for example, requires 1.5 tons (1,500 liters) of water; a pair of denim jeans up to 6 tons;
a kilogram of wheat 1 ton; a kilo of chicken 3 to 4 tons; a kilo of beef 15 to 30 tons.
Nicholas Parker, chairman of the Cleantech Group, said: "What people don't often realize is how much water there
is in everything we make and buy, from t-shirts to wine."
One proposal is to list water used on product package labels to inform consumers and encourage conservation, said
Adeel, noting that annual global trade in "virtual water" now exceeds 800 billion tons, the equivalent of 10 Nile
Rivers.
As developing countries gain wealth, their citizens' demands for food and energy, which both require a lot of water
to produce, will skyrocket, Adeel warned.
"We have to be prepared for the security challenges that will arise from this," he said.
Policy innovations to be discussed include helping farmers reuse water or tap into municipal waste water to "get
a lot more bang out of your buck for the same volume of water."
Agriculture is the biggest water user by far at 71 percent worldwide.
Similarly, coupling industries so that runoff from one plant can be used as an input for another would go a long
way to reduce shortages, Adeel said.
On the social front, he said it is important to get local entrepreneurs engaged.
He pointed to India where an estimated 500 million people have cell phones but only 350 million have access to toilets.
"That says there is something in their marketing approach that the cell phone companies have got right. We just
need to duplicate that (business acumen) to bring clean water and sanitation to all," he said.
（转自Google/Agence France-Presse）