The need to rebuild in Haiti and the influx of money and resources create a unique opportunity to change the built landscape.
The World Bank estimates reconstruction at $11.5 billion, while sources in Haiti say it could be much more.
Many of the buildings destroyed in the earthquake were concrete and concrete block construction, which is both costly from a
material and carbon impact perspective, and unless built with quality assurances, are often seismically unsafe. The good news
is sustainable building in Haiti can address multiple social, environmental, and economic goals simultaneously.
According to Martin Hammer, a Berkeley, California based architect and the lead for Builders Without Borders in Haiti, material
costs in Haiti are 150 percent to 200 percent of U.S. costs while per capita income in Haiti is one fiftieth that in the U.S.
Building with local sustainable materials such as bamboo, straw, begasse (sugar cane fiber), clay, and rubble from the
earthquake can a make building more affordable while reducing carbon impacts of materials transportation and manufacturing.
Also, applying traditional building practices such as the woven “wattle and daub” construction provide a flexible earthquake
resistant structure that is familiar and culturally-appropriate in Haitian society.
Green building methods can also improve thermal comfort through better insulation, landscaping, and site elements in a
country where summer daytime average temperatures hover around 95 degrees with high humidity. Haiti’s capital,
Port-au-Prince, also experiences an average over 22 days of sunshine per month, making small-scale PV an excellent
solution for the over 80 percent of the population who currently live without electricity.
With Haiti’s annual average rainfall at 53 inches, rainwater catchment systems and water purifiers, such as the
LifeGivingForce “eco-friendly, off-grid LGF Rapid Response 10,000UF devices that can purify over 10,000 liters per day”
(www.lifegivingforce.org), can provide a much needed sources of clean water to the 46 percent of the population who lack
access to potable water http://www.climatetemp.info/haiti/).
So, how does Haiti go forward and go green? First, Haiti needs to adopt and enforce basic building codes to ensure the safety
of new construction. Ideally, sustainability elements would be included in the new code, but this might take time and feedback
to get it right. According to Lisa McFadin, co-Founder of the NGO Helping Hands for a Sustainable Haiti
(www.haitihuddle.com), “Collaboration among NGOs and Haitian community leaders in developing green building guidelines
and building systems that improve quality of life is essential in accelerating the adoption of long-term systemic changes rather
than short-term piece-meal fixes.”
In the meantime, local and foreign NGOs and governments working on the ground in Haiti are starting to lead by example. The
Haitian government has taken a small step in creating awareness and increasing sustainable building practices through the
creation of the Building Back Better Communities http://www.e-architect.co.uk/haiti/haiti_design_competition.htm) design
competition in partnership with Malcolm Reading Consultants http://www.malcolmreading.co.uk/). The competition, which
includes entries for homes made of straw-bale and earthen systems, includes a home expo and a permanent settlement using
the best models from the competition.
In his work in Haiti, Hammer says that out of the tragedy of the earthquake he sees an “exceptional opportunity” to change
building practices in Haiti. He has also seen “hopeful signs” that Haiti will rebuild with stronger building codes, more
government oversight, and a greater emphasis on sustainability.
The lessons from Haiti and the principles of green building outlined in this article serve as a model for other developing
countries providing an emphasis on regional and local definition, applications, and metrics of sustainability. The true measure
of success and sustainability in Haiti and other developing countries will be in the number of safe and comfortable homes built,
the number of new jobs created, and the number of lives improved.
(转自MatterNetwork.com (San Francisco))