California’s high-elevation dams could generate considerably less power over the next 40 years as a result of rising temperatures
associated with climate change, according to a recent study by researchers at the University of California, Davis.
Under a warmer, drier climate projected in computer models, hydroelectric dams above 1,000 feet between 1,000 and 2,000 feet in
elevation in the state would produce about 20 percent less power by 2050, the researchers found. Under this climate scenario,
electricity production would also occur earlier in the year, when demand for power is lower.
Such an outcome would not, however, be as dire as some in the state’s hydropower industry feared, according to Kaveh Madani,
now a postdoctoral fellow at the Water Science and Policy Center at the University of California, Riverside, and a co-author
of the study.
“The sky is not falling,” Mr. Madani said. “We still can adapt the system.”
As much as 15 percent of the California’s electricity comes from hydropower, depending on the season. (The state uses
cloud-seeding to increase the winter snowfall in the mountains, to augment runoff and boost the dams’ spring power
production.)
Even small rises in temperature can shift precipitation from snow to rain, hastening the arrival of runoff into reservoirs,
experts say.
California, Oregon and Washington — the source of nearly 50 percent of hydropower in the United States, according to the
Pew Climate Center — are already experiencing changes in snowfall, snowmelt and runoff consistent with climate change,
according to some experts.
“The overall picture being painted along the mountainous West is that streamflow is tending to arrive earlier in the year
— between one and three weeks earlier,” said Ed Maurer, associate professor of civil engineering at the University
of Santa Clara and a specialist in climate change-related water issues.
While rising global temperatures are expected to increase precipitation over all, this added rainfall is likely to come in
short, intense bursts, experts say, rather than gradually, making it of little use to hydropower reservoirs, which have
limited storage capacity. In their study, the University of California, Davis, researchers also analyzed such a climate
scenario — called “wet warming” — for California’s high-elevation reservoirs and found that added runoff would not
substantially boost power generation or system revenues, due largely to increased spills.
In California, dams are engineered to capture snowmelt runoff in the spring and early summer and release from
reservoirs just as demand for power peaks, in the hot summer months. When runoff arrives earlier, water must be released
sooner to prevent reservoirs from overflowing. And as a higher proportion of precipitation falls as rain rather than snow,
runoff spikes, instead of arriving steadily over several months.
“That’s the major problem,” Mr. Madani said. “We were getting gradual flow, now we’re getting a peak earlier.”
By the end of the century, streamflow is likely to be radically disrupted, rendering many of the state’s dams
obsolete, according to Mr. Maurer.